Appendix IV. Table 1. Mammalian Toxicity of Mosquito Adulticides Active Ingredients

Active Ingredient (AI)

Median Lethal dose (LD 50) rat in mg/kg

No Observable Effect Level (NOEL) mg/kg/day

Reference dose (RfD) mg/kg/day

Cancer (a)

Irritant
sensitizer

Malathion (6)

1,000-10,000 (15) ; 5,400 - 5,700 (6)

rats 4 (52) ; rats 2.4 (6) ; mice 143 (6) ; human 0.23 (60)

0.02 (15) ; 0.024 (6)

Inconclusive (15) ; Suggestive (6) ; D (59, 60) IARC 3 (59)

Slight (6)
negative (6)

Naled (7)

92 - 325 (7) ; 91 - 430 (14) ; 222-389 (17)

0.2 (7, 60) ; 0.25 (17)
dermal 1 mg/kg/day (43)

0.002 (14, 60) ; Acceptable Daily intake (ADI) and RfD (60)

Class E  (7) (59) ; Dichlorvos (DDVP); Class C  (7)

Severe eye and skin (7, 17) Weak + (7)

Permethrin (8) (13) (16)

1,100 (13) ; 1,000 to 8,900 (8) ; 430 - 4000 (16) ; 500 to 4,000 (26) ; 410 to 6000 (30)

5, 10 and 25 rats (8) ; 50 mice (8)

0.05 (16, 60, 26) ; ADI and RfD (60)

inconclusive (16) ; C (59) IARC 3 (59); Q* = 1.84 x 10 -2 (59, 60) ; CRAVE Class pending

mild (16)

Phenothrin (51)

> 5000 (51, 27) ; > 10,000 (28) ;

2,500 ppm (6 month) (51)
7.1 mg/kg/day (60)

ADI 0.07; EPA No food uses (10, 60, 28)

Resmethrin (9) (15)

750 - 4,500 (9): 1244 to 2500 (29) ; 1,244 - 2,500 (15)

25 rat (9) ; 10 dog (9) (15) ; 34.8 rat (60)

0.03 (15, 60, 29)

negative (9)

negative (9) (15) negative (9) (15)

Synergist PBO (11)

7,500 -10, 000 (61)

17.5 mg/kg/d (dog) (60)

ADI 0.0175 (60)

C Critical study and database not reviewed by the RfD PR committee; no Q* (59, 60) ; Rat negative and mouse possible (20)

Appendix IV. Table 2. Mosquito Adulticide Toxicity Information

AI

Acute NOAEL route

Toxic endpoint

Inhalation Toxicity Measure

Dermal Absorption

Notes:

Malathion (6)

50 mg/kg/day (6)

Maternal Toxicity (6)

LOAEL = 0.1 mg/L (6) equivalent oral dose = 25.8 mg/kg/day (6)

100% (37)

Malathion and naled are the two organophosphate (OPs) insecticides reviewed here. The mechanism of action for the OPs is inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase in the nervous system. They are currently under re-review at EPA due to the Food Quality Protection Act. There are EPA human health and environmental risk assessments available for both malathion (37) and naled (7).  

Naled (7)

1 mg/kg/day (7) dermal

ChE inhibition (7)

LOAEL = 1 ug/L (7) equivalent oral dose = 0.053 mg/kg/day (7)

100% (7)

2.3 % (43)

Permethrin (8) (13) (16)

20 mg/kg/day; 90 day diet (30)

­ relative liver wttremor (30)

NOEL < 23 mg/L (30)

0.5 to 1% (30)

Permethrin, phenothrin and resmethrin are type I (no a cyano group) synthetic pyrethroids. Mammals tend to rapidly metabolize these compounds and the history of human poisoning with the type I products is rare. They act by disrupting the sodium channel s in nerves.

There are two optical centers in the pyrethroids and the biological activity is dependent on the isomer. In most cases the toxicity values are for the combination of isomers rather than isolated isomer because that's how they are used.

Resmethrin (9) (15)

40 mg/kg/day (rats; teratology) (36)

fetotoxicity at 80 mg/kg/day (36)

NOEL = 0.1 mg/L (90 day inhalation) (29)

LOEL = 0.4 mg/L (29) 4 hr.

?

Appendix IV. Table 3. Mammalian Toxicity of Mosquito Larvicide Active Ingredients

Active ingredient (AI)

LD 50 mg/kg

NOAEL (mg/kg/day)

RfD mg/kg/day

Cancer (a)

Irritant/ Sensitizer

Bti (1)

Not toxic/ not pathogenic (1)
> 5,000 (50)

Not Applicable (NA)

NA

NA

negative (1)

B. sphaericus (2)

> 5,000 (50)

Methoprene (3)

>10, 000 (3)
> 34,600 (54)

rats 240 (3)
mice 37.5 (3)

0.4 (3)

negative (3)

negative (3)

POE MMF (5)

> 20,000 mg/kg (34)

Negative skin (34)
may cause minor eye (34)

Temephos (Abate) (4)

444 (4)
8,600 to 13,000 (33)

no food uses (4)

Appendix IV. Table 4. Aquatic Toxicity of Mosquito Adulticides

AI

Warm water fish

Cold water fish LC 50

Estuarine and Marine Toxicity

Freshwater Invertebrates

Malathion (6)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 20,000 - 103,000 ppb (19, 32)
96 hr LC 50 EC formulation = 10 ppb (19)
96 hr LC 50 s 20 ppb, 30 ppb, 110 ppb (32)
24 hr LC 50 s= 170 ppb (54) , 20 ppb (32)

Green sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 175 ppb (32)

Redear sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 62 ppb (32)

Pumkinseed
96 hr LC 50 = 480 ppb (32)

Largemouth bass:
96 hr LC 50 = 285 ppb, 50 ppb (32)

Striped bass (could be estuarine):
96 hr LC 50 = 39 ppb, 14 ppb (32) , 60 ppb (23)

Yellow perch:
96 hr LC 50 = 263 ppb (32)

White perch:
96 hr LC 50 = 1,100 ppb (32)

Walleye:
96 hr LC 50 = 60 ppb (12, 23) , 64 ppb

Gold fish:
96 hr LC 50 = 10,700 ppb (32)

Carp
96 hr LC 50 = 6,590 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 1,900 ppb (32)

Black bullhead:
96 hr LC 50 = 12,900 ppb (32)

Channel catfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 8,970 ppb (32)

Tilapia mossambica
48 hr LC 50 = 367 ppb (32)

Guppies
96 hr LC 50 = 1,200 ppb (32)

Fathead minnow
96 hr LC 50 = 8,650 ppb (32)

Gasterostrus aculeatus (three spine stickleback (54) )
24 hr LC 50 = 76.9 ppb (32)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 200,000 ppb (19)
96 hr LC 50 = EC formulation 30 ppb (19)
96 hr LC 50 = 4 ppb soap lake strain (23, 24) - 200 ppb strains not specified (24, 32)
24 hr LC 50 = 100 ppb (54, 32)
96 hr LC 50 = 68 ppb (32)

Brown trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 100 ppb (12, 23, 32)

Cut throat trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 280 ppb (32)

Lake trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 76 ppb (32)

Coho salmon:
96 hr LC 50 = 170 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 101 ppb (32)

Chinook salmon:
96 hr LC 50 = 23 ppb (32)

Marine fish:
Flow through 48 hr LC 50 = 150 to 330 ppb (23)

Sheepshead minnow:
Flow through 96 hr LC 50 = 33 ppb (23)
96 hr LC 50 = 55 ppb (23)
96 hr LC 50 = 51 ppb (32)

Oyster:
EC 50 > 1,000,000 ppb (19)

Shrimp:
EC 50 > 2,600 - 3,100 ppb  (19)
LC 50 s Range from 0.76 to 81.5 ppb water and grass shrimp (54)
LC 50 s Range from 2.2 to 280 ppb in shrimp. (23)

Gammarus lacustris :
96 hr LC 50 = 1 ppb (32)

Sand shrimp:
96 hr LC 50 = 33 ppb (32)

Grass shrimp:
96 hr LC 50 = 82 ppb (32)

Hermit Crab:

LC 50 = 83 ppb (54, 32)

Blue Crab:
LC 50 > 1000 ppb

Macrobrachium lamarrei:
48 hr LC 50 = 1,870 ppb (32)

Eastern mudminnow:
96 hr LC 50 = 240 ppb (32)
14 day LC 50 = 0.140 ppb (32)

Banded Killifish:
96 hr LC 50 = 240 ppb (32)

Mummichog
96 hr LC 50 = 250 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 240 ppb (32)

American eel:
96 hr LC 50 = 480 ppb (32)

Eel:
96 hr LC 50 = 82 ppb (32)

Daphnia :
96 hr LC 50 = 1,000 ppb (19)
24 hr LC 50 = 0.9 ppb (54, 32)
48 hr LC 50 = 1.8 ppb (54, 23)
48 hr EC 50 = 2.2 ppb (EC)  (23)
48 hr EC 50 = 1 ppb (23)
1 wk LC 50 = 3 ppb (54)
21 D LOEC = 0.1 ppb; NOEC 0.06 ppb (23)

Daphnids:
48 hr LC 50 = 0.69 ppb (23)

Scud:
48 hr LC 50 = 1.8 ppb (23)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.5 ppb (23)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.76 ppb (32)

Crayfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 180 ppb (23, 32)

Glass shrimp
96 hr LC 50 = 12 ppb (23)
96 hr LC 50 = 90 ppb (32)

Seed shrimp:
49 hr LC 50 = 47 ppb (23)

Stone fly:
96 hr LC 50 = 10 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 1.1 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 2.8 ppb (32)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.96 ppb (32)

Damsel fly:
96 hr LC 50 = 10 ppb (32)

Caddis fly:
96 hr LC 50 = 5 ppb (32)

Snipe fly:
96 hr LC 50 = 385 ppb (32)

Naled (7)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 2,200 ppb (18)

Large mouth bass:
96 hr LC 50 = 1,900 ppb (18)

Fathead Minnow:
LC 50 = 3,300 ppb (18)
LC 50 = 4,200 ppb (25)

Channel catfish:
LC 50 = 710 ppb (18)

Large mouth bass:
LC 50 = 1,900 ppb (18, 14)

Goldfish:
2,000 to 4,000 ppb (14)

Early life stage fathead minnow:
NOEC = 6.9 ppb
MATC = 10 ppb
LOEC = 15 ppb (18)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 160 - 345 ppb (18, 14, 32)

Cutthroat trout:
LC 50 = 127 ppb (18, 14)

Lake trout:
LC 50 = 87 ppb (18, 14)
LC 50 = 113 ppb (25)

Sheepshead minnow:
LC 50 = 1,200 ppb (18)

Shrimp:
LC 50 = 9.3 - 92 ppb (18)
LC 50 = 8.8 ppb

Oyster:
LC 50 = 170 - 190 ppb (18)

Daphnia spp:
LC 50 = 0.3 - 0.4 ppb (18)
LC 50 ³ 0.3 ppb (25)

Simocephalus serrulates:
LC 50 = 1.1 ppb (18)

Stonefly:
LC 50 = 8 ppb (18, 14)

Scud:
LC 50 = 18 ppb (18, 14)

Side swimmers:
LC 50 = 18 ppb (14)

Freshwater Invertebrates:
LC 50 = ppb (25)

Permethrin
(8) (13) (16)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 4.9 ppb (13) , 1.8 ppb (16, 30) , 0.9 ppb (42)

Fathead minnow:
96 hr LC 50 = 16,000 ppb (30) , 2.0 ppb (42)

Sheepshead minnow:
96 hr LC 50 = 7.8 ppb (42)

Carp:
96 hr LC 50 = 15 ppb (42)

Channel catfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 5.4 ppb (42)

Mosquito fish:
96 hr LC 50 = 15 ppb (42)

Large mouth bass:
96 hr LC 50 = 8.5 ppb (42)

Himedaker:
48 hr LC 50 = 60 ppb (42)

Atlantic silverside:
96 hr LC 50 = 2.2 ppb (42)

Striped mullet:
96 hr LC 50 = 5.5 ppb (42)

Atlantic salmon:
96 hr LC 50 = 1.5 ppb (13, 42) ,1.8 ppb (16) , 2.2 ppb (42)

Coho salmon:
96 hr LC 50 = 17 ppb (42)

Rainbow trout:
24 hr LC 50 = 12.5 ppb (16)
48 hr LC 50 = 5.4 ppb (16)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.62 ppb to 314 ppb (depending on size) (42)

Brook trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 2.3 ppb, 3.2 ppb, 3.2 ppb, 5.2 ppb static (30)

All estuarine species:
£ 7.8 ppb

Shrimp:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.02 ppb to 1.2 ppb (42)

Fiddler crab:
96 hr LC 50 = 2.2 ppb (42)

Crayfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.21 ppb (42)

Lobster:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.73 ppb (42)

Oyster:
96 hr LC 50 > 4,800 ppb (42)

Oyster larval (pacific):
96 hr LC 50 > 4,800 ppb (42)

Oyster larval (eastern):
96 hr LC 50 > 1,000 ppb (42)

Daphnia :
LC 50 = 0.039 ppb (13)
48 hr LC 50 = 0.6 ppb (42)

Mayfly nymph::
LC 50 = 100 ppb (13)

Crayfish:
LC 50 = 0.21 ppb (13)

Phenothrin (51)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 18 ppb (51, 27)

Goldfish:
48 hr LC 50 = 0.25 - 0.5 ppb (27, 28)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 17 ppb (51, 27)

Killifish (mummichog):
48 hr LC 50 = 10,000 ppb (- trans) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 10,000 ppb (- cis) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 120 ppb (+ trans) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 170 ppb (+ cis) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 200 ppb (racemic mix) (27, 28)

Daphnia magna :
96 hr LC 50 >300,000 ppb (10)

Daphnia pulex :
48 hr LC 50 = 50,000 ppb (- trans) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 50,000 ppb (- cis) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 50,000 ppb (+ trans) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 50,000 ppb (+ cis) (27, 28)
48 hr LC 50 = 50,000 ppb (racemic mix) (27, 28)

Resmethrin (9) (15)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.75 - 2.6 ppb (9)
96 hr LC 50 = 2.62 ppb (static) (54, 29)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.75 ppb (flow) (54)
96 hr LC 50 = 1.7 ppb (29)
96 hr LC 50 = 7.2 ppb (42)

Yellow perch:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.236 ppb (static) (54, 29)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.513 ppb (flow) (54)

Fathead minnow:
96 hr LC 50 = 3 ppb (29, 42)

Channel catfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 16.6 ppb (29)
96 hr LC 50 = 15 ppb (42)

Carp:
48 hr LC 50 = 44 ppb static (29)
96 hr LC 50 = 3.95 ppb (42)

Yellow perch:
96 hr LC 50 = 2.36 ppb (42)

Green sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 4.40 ppb (42)

Sheepshead minnow:
96 hr LC 50 = 11 ppb (42)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.28 -2.4 ppb (9)
96 hr LC 50 = 3.14 ppb (42)

Steelhead trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 0.45 ppb (static) (54, 29)
96 hr LC 50 = 0.275 ppb (flow) (54)

Lake trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 1.7 ppb (29)

Coho salmon:
96 hr LC 50 = 1.8 ppb (29)
96 hr LC 50 = >150 ppb (static) (54, 29)
96 hr LC 50 = > 0.277 ppb (flow) (54)

Shrimp:
1.25 ppb (9)
1.3 ppb (42)

Oyster:
1,790 ppb  (9)

Sheepshead minnow:
8.8 ppb (9)

Killifish (mummichog):
48 hr LC 50 = 300 ppb (29)

Daphnia :
LC 50 = 2.4 ppb (15)
48 hr LC 50 = 3.7 ppb (42)

Daphnia pulex :
3 hr LC 50 = 15,000 ppb static (29)

Swamp crawfish:
0.0082 ppb (15)

Appendix IV. Table 5. Aquatic Toxicity of Mosquito Larvicides

AI

Warm water fish LC 50 (Median Lethal Concentration)

Cold water fish LC 50  

Estuarine and Marine Toxicity

Freshwater Invertebrates

Bti (1)

Bluegill Sunfish:
Aqueous LC 50;
8.9 x 10 9 to 1.6 x 10 10 colony forming units per liter (cfu/l) (1)
Oral LC 50 > 4.3 x 10 9 to 1. 3 x 10 10 cfu/gram food (1)

Trout:
Aqueous LC 50 ;
> 8.7 x 10 9 to > 1.4 x 10 10 cfu/l (1)
Oral LC 50 > 5.3 x 10 9 to 1. 7 x 10 10 cfu/gram food (1)

Grass shrimp:
No Observable Effect Level
(NOEL) > 2 x 10 10 cfu/g food (1)
NOEL > 4.2 x 10 10 cfu/g food (1)

Sheepshead minnow;
NOEL > 2 x 10 10 cfu/g food (1)
LC 50 > 7.2 x 10 9 cfu/g food (1)
Oral LC 50 > 2 x 10 10 cfu/g (1)

Copepod:
NOEL = 50 mg/kg (sediment) (1)

Daphnia:
21 Day (EC 50 ) Median Effective Concentration = 5,000 - 50,000 parts per billion (ppb) = ug/L (1)

B.sphaericus (2)

ND = No Data

ND

ND

ND

Methoprene (3)

Bluegill sunfish:
96 hr LC 50 = 1,520 ppb (3)
96 hr TL 50 (median threshold limit) = 4,600 ppb (static) (54)
LC 50 > 370 ppb (22b)

Channel catfish:
TL 50 > 100,000 ppb (static) (54)

Fathead minnow:
LEL (Lowest Effective Level) = 84 ppb (22b)
NOEL = 48 ppb (22b)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 > 50,000 ppb (3)

Juvenile Rainbow trout:
LC 50 = 106,000 ppb (54)
LC 50 = 760 ppb (22b)
LC 50 = 106,000 (54)

Trout:
TL 50 = 4,400 ppb (static) (54)
TL 50 = 106,000 ppb (static aerated) (54)

Coho salmon:
LC 50 = 86,000 ppb (54)

Mud crab:
¯ gametes in @ 1,300 ppb (3)

Adult grass shrimp:
Slightly toxic (3) not acutely toxic (41)

Juvenile grass shrimp and larval mud-crabs:
Very highly toxic (3) not acutely toxic (41)

Gammarus aequicauda :
96 hr LC 50 = 2,150 ppb (_) (54, 22d)
96 hr LC 50 = 1,950 ppb (_) (54, 22d)

Mysid Shrimp:
96 hr LC 50 = 110 ppb (22b)
28 day MATC = > 98 ppb (22b)

Oyster (larvae):
48 hr LC 50 = 247 ppb (22b)

Oyster shell deposition:
96 hr = 1,400 ppb (22b)

Daphnia:
48 hr EC 50 89 ppb (3)
42 day MATC 27 - 51 ppb  (3)
48 hr EC 50 = 360 ppb (22b)
42 day MATC 51 ppb (22b)

POE MMF (5)

Bluegill sunfish:
LC 50 = 290,000 ppb (34)

Rainbow trout:
LC 50 = 98,000 ppb (34)

Daphnia :
LC 50 = 1,900 ppb (34)

Temephos (Abate) (4) EC is not registered in Maine

Bluegill Sunfish;
96 hr LC 50 = 21,800 ppb Technical Grade Active Ingredient (TGAI) (4, 33)
96 hr LC 50 = 1,140 ppb Emulsifiable concentrate 43% (EC) (4, 33)

Fathead minnow:
31,100 ppb (33)

Channel catfish:
10,000 ppb (33)
3,230 (EC 46%) (33)

Largemouth bass:
1,440 ppb (EC 46%) (33)

Rainbow trout:
96 hr LC 50 = 3,490 ppb (TGAI) (4, 33)
96 hr LC 50 = 580 ppb (EC) (4)
160 ppb (EC) (33)

Cut throat trout:
1,279 ppb (33)

Brook trout:
12,800 ppb (33)
5,000 ppb (WP 50%) (33)

Lake trout:
3,650 ppb (33)

Coho salmon:
350 ppb (EC 46%) (33)

Atlantic salmon:
21,000 ppb (33)
6,700 ppb (EC 46%) (33)

Eastern oyster:
96 hr EC 50 = 220 ppb (TGAI) (4)
96 hr EC 50 = 170 ppb (EC) (4)

Pink Shrimp:
48hr EC 50 = 5.3 ppb (EC) (4)

Gammarus lacustris:
80 ppb (33)

Daphnia:
48 hr LC 50 = 0.011 ppb (EC) (4)
48 hr LC 50 = 0.54 ppb Granular %5 (G) (4)

Scud:
48 hr LC 50 = 820 ppb (TGAI)  (4)

Stonefly:
48 hr LC 50 = 10 ppb (TGAI) (4)

Appendix IV. Table 6. Avian and Bees Toxicity of Mosquito Adulticides

AI

LD 50 Bird (mg/kg)

8 Day LC 50 Diet Bird (ppm)

Reproductive effects in birds

Bee Toxicity (a)

Malathion (6)

Mallard duck:
LD 50 = 1,485 mg/kg (23)

Ring-necked Pheasant:
LD 50 = 167 mg/kg (23)

Horned lark:
LD 50 = 403 (23)

Sharp tailed grouse:
LD 50 = 220 (23)

Chickens:
LD 50 > 110 (6)

Bobwhite quail:
8 Day LC 50 = 3,497 ppm (23)
5 Day LC 50 = 3,497 ppm (32)

Japanese quail:
8 Day LC 50 = 2,962 ppm (23)
5 Day LC 50 = 2,128 ppm (32)

Mallard duck:
8 Day LC 50 = > 5,000 ppm (23)

Ring-necked Pheasant:
8 Day LC 50 = 2,639 ppm (23)
5 Day LC 50 = 2,639 ppm ( 32)

Bobwhite quail:
NOEL = 110 ppm diet 21 wks
LOEL = 350 ppm: regressed ovaries and reduced egg hatch (23)

Mallard duck:
NOEL = 1200 ppm 20 wks
LOEL = 2400 ppm: effects on growth and viability (23)

Honey bees:
Highly toxic (12, 23)
LD 50 = 0.27 ug/bee (19)
8 hr LD 50 < 1.6 ug/bee Foliar contact (23)
48 hr LD 50 = 0.2 ug/bee (23)
48 hr LD 50 = 0.38 ug/bee (23)
96 hr LD 50 = 0.709 ug/bee (23)

Naled (7)

Mallard duck:
LD 50 = 52.2 mg/kg (18, 14)

Canada goose:
LD 50 = 36.9 mg/kg (18, 25)
LD 50 = 36 to 50 (14)

Sharp tailed grouse:
LD 50 = 64.9 mg/kg (18)

Ring necked pheasant:
LD 50 = 120 mg/kg (25)

Avian oral:
LD 50 = 37 to 65 (17)

Mallard duck:
8 Day LC 50 = 2,724 ppm (18, 14, 25)

Bobwhite quail:
8 Day LC 50 = 2,117 ppm (18, 25)

Ringed tailed pheasant:
8 Day LC 50 = 2,538 ppm (18)

Japanese quail:
8 Day LC 50 = 1,327 ppm (18, 14, 25)

Avian diet:
Day LC 50 = 2117 to 2724 (25)

Highly toxic to honey bees 0.48 ug/bee (18)

Permethrin (8, 13, 16)

Mallard duck:
LD 50 > 4,640 mg/kg (13)
LD 50 = 9,900 mg/kg (16)

Pheasants:
LD 50 > 13,500 mg/kg (16)

Japanese quail:
LD 50 > 15,500 mg/kg (16)
LD 50 > 13,500 mg/kg (30)

Mallard duck:
8 Day LC 50 = 10,000 ppm (13)

Quail:
8 Day LC 50 = 10,000 ppm (13)

Very toxic to honey bees LD 50 0.16 ug/bee  (13)

Phenothrin

(51)

Quail:
LD 50 > 2,500 (51)

Bobwhite quail:
LD 50 > 2,510 (10)

Mallard duck:
8 Day LC 50 > 5620 ppm (10)

Toxic to bees (51)

Resmethrin (9, 15)

Quail:
> 2,000 (9) (15)

California quail:
> 2000 (29)

Quail:
> 5, 000 (15)

Highly toxic to bees 0.063 ug./bee (15)

Appendix IV. Table 7. Avian and Bees Toxicity of Mosquito Larvicides

AI

LD 50 Bird (mg/kg)

Diet Bird (ppm)

Bee Toxicity

Comments

Bti (1)

8,000 to 16,000 (1)

B. sphaericus (2)

Methoprene (3)

Duck:
>2,000 (3)

Quail:
>10, 000  (3)

No effect on quail reproduction at 30 ppm diet (3)
Effects on Mallard duck reproduction at 30 ppm but not 3 ppm diet (3)

POE MMF (5)

Temephos (Abate) (4)

Bobwhite quail:
27.4 (4)

Japanese quail:
84.1 (33)

California quail:
18.9 (33)

Mallard duck:
79 (33)

Pheasant:
35.4 (33)

Rock dove:
50.1 (33)

House sparrows:
35.4 (33)

Bobwhite quail:
92 ppm (4)
5 Day LC 50 = 92 ppm (33)

Japanese quail:
5 Day LC 50 = 260 ppm (33)
5 Day LC 50 = 242 ppm (33)
5 Day LC 50 = 288 ppm (33)

Ring necked pheasant:
5 Day LC 50 = 162 ppm (33)

Mallard duck:
894 ppm (4)
5 Day LC 50 = 894 ppm

Data requirement waived by EPA due to lack of exposure potential (4)
LD 50 = 1.55 ug/bee

Bullfrog:
LD 50 < 2,000 mg/kg (33)